AMERICAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION WARS STUDIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2018.110Abstract
In the article the author analyzes the circumstances influencing the change in the form of war in the modern world, determines the features of the “old wars”: transition to military service, mobilization, militarization of the economy, tax growth, destabilization of the political system, social-psychological crisis in society, political interests, priority cultural unity, the cultivation of allogeneity, aggression and hatred of other cultures. The author describes the wars of a “new kind” also known as “hybrid wars”. The main differences of that kind of wars are the declaration of war absence, a purposeful course of international laws ignorance which consisting in the official warning by one state of another about the termination of the peace between them and the transition to a state of war. Equally, important features can be named as a combination of violent and non-violent means of warfare, in other words, usage of different kinds of weapons, as well as information war and propaganda. The author considers the phenomenon of information wars: the emergence of the term in the United States and the problem of its ambiguity (“information warfare”), сarry out a review of researches on information warfare, which was divided into blocks in its chronological order of invention of foreign scientists and military-grade. The first block (the early 1990’s) - the work of scientists at the Air University of the United States Air Force: R. Shafransky, J. Stein; the second block (the late 1990s) - studies by RAND Corporation: J. Arquilla, D. Ronfeldt, M. Libika; the third (the 2000s) - the monographs of JS Nye, M. Keldor, as well as an analysis of the system of “information dictatorship” of China.
Keywords:
information war, information warfare, a new war, old war, hybrid wars, information technologies, soft power, violent actions, non-military confrontation
Downloads
References
Бартош А.А. Гибридные войны в стратегии США и НАТО // Независимое военное обо- зрение. 10.10.2014. URL: http://nvo.ng.ru/concepts/2014-10-10/1_nato.html (дата обращения: 03.04.2015).
Бодрийяр Ж. Дух терроризма. Войны в заливе не было. М.: Рипол-Классик, 2016. 224 с.
Калдор М. Новые и старые войны. Организованное насилие в глобальную эпоху. М.: Ин- ститут Гайдара, 2015. 416 с.
Клаузевиц К. О войне. М.: Римис, 2009. 400 с.
Ковачич Л. Большой брат 2.0. Как Китай строит цифровую диктатуру // Московский центр Карнеги. 18.07.2017. URL: http://carnegie.ru/commentary/71546 (дата обращения: 13.11.2017).
Комов С.А. Информационная борьба в современной войне: вопросы теории // Военная мысль. 1996. No 3. С.76–80.
Манойло А. В. Государственная информационная политика в особых условиях. М.: МИФИ, 2003. 388 с.
Мюллер В. Новый англо-русский, русско-английский словарь. М.: Эксмо, 2012. 880 с. Най Дж. Будущее власти: как стратегия умной силы меняет XXI век. М.: АСТ, 2014. 444 с.
Пирумов В.С., Родионов М.А. Некоторые аспекты информационной борьбы в военных конфликтах // Военная мысль. 1997. No 5. С. 24–47.
Расторгуев С. П. Информационная война. М.: Радио и связь, 1999. 416 с.
Сунь-Цзы. Искусство войны. М.: Эксмо, 2015. 452 с.
Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D. Cyberwar is coming // In Athena’s camp. Preparing for conflict in the information age. Santa-Monica: RAND, 1997. 60 p.
Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D. The emergence of noopolitik. Toward an American information strategy. Santa Monica: RAND, 1999. 352 р.
Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D. Swarming and the future of conflict. Santa Monica: RAND, 2005. 98 p. Arquilla J. Insurgents, raiders, and bandits. How masters of irregular warfare have shaped our world. Chicago: Ivan. R. Dee, 2011. 311 p.
Center for International Development and Conflict Management. URL: https://cidcm.umd.edu/research/journal-conflict-resolution (дата обращения: 12.02.2018).
Dongsheng Xu. Meiguo xin fangwu baogao qiantiao hunhexin zhanzheng zhongdian fang Zhongguo // Sing Tao Global Network. 03.04.2010. URL: http://bjwljr.blog.hexun.com/51884198_d. html (дата обращения: 11.02.2018).
Johnson D.E. Military Capabilities for Hybrid War. Insights from the Israel Defense Forces in Lebanon and Gaza. Prepared for the United States Army // RAND Army Research Division, 2010. URL: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/RAND_OP285.pdf (дата обращения: 13.02.2018).
Libicki M. Conquest in cyberspace. National security and information warfare. Santa Monica: RAND, 2007. 307 p.
Murray W. Hybrid Warfare. Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2012. 309 p.
Melander E. Organized Violance in the World 2015. An assesment by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. URL: https://www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/654/c_654446-l_1-k_ucdp-paper-9.pdf (дата обращения: 10.02.2018).
Rona T. Weapon Systems and Information War. WA: Boeing Aerospace Co., 1976. 73 p.
Sanchez L., Miller J. Hybrid Warfare. Briefing to the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconvention- al Threats and Capabilities, Committee on Armed Service, House of Representatives. United States Government Accountability Office // Homeland Security Digital Library. 10.09.2010. URL: https:// www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=7433 (дата обращения: 10.02.2018).
Szafranski R. Theory of Information Warfare. Preparing For 2020, USAF // Published Air- power Journal. 1995. Spring. URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=439843 (дата обращения: 10.02.2018).
Szafranski R. Neocortical warfare? The acme of skill // In Athena’s camp. Preparing for conflict in the information age / ed. by J.Arquilla, D.Ronfeldt. Santa Monica: RAND, 1997. Р.41–55.
Smith M. Airpower in Hybrid Wars: Ethical implications for the joint force commander // Journal of national security studies. 2014. P.106–115.
Stein G. Information warfare. AWC // The information warfare site. 1995. Spring. URL: http:// iwar.org.uk/iwar/resources/airchronicles/stein.htm (дата обращения: 12.10.2017).
The Random House Dictionary of the English Language / ed. by S.B.Flexner. 2nd ed. New York: Random House, 1987. 2478 р.
Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. US.: Merriam Webster, 1976. 1565 p.
Wein T., Berg G. Submission of evidence by the behavioral dynamics institute. URL: http://www. bdinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/BDI-Evidence-Submission.pdf (дата обращения: 13.01.2018).
References
Arquilla J. Insurgents, raiders, and bandits. How masters of irregular warfare have shaped our world. Chicago, Ivan. R. Dee, 2011, 311 p.
Arquilla J., Davis P.K. Modeling decisionmaking of potential proliferators as art of developing a counter proliferation strategies. Santa Monica, RAND, 1994, 35 р.
Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D. Cyberwar is coming. In Athena’s camp. Preparing for conflict in the information age. Santa-Monica, RAND, 1997, 60 p.
Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D. Swarming and the future of conflict. Santa Monica, RAND, 2005, 98 p.
Arquilla J., Ronfeldt D. The emergence of noopolitik. Toward an American information strategy. Santa Monica, RAND, 1999, 352 р.
Bartosh A. A. Gibridnye voiny v strategii SShA i NATO [Hybrid Wars in US and NATO Strategies]. Nezavisimoe voennoe obozrenie [Independent Military Review], 10.10.2014. Available at: http:// nvo.ng.ru/concepts/2014-10-10/1_nato.html (accessed: 04.03.2015). (In Russian)
Bodriyyar Zh. Dukh terrorizma. Voiny v zalive ne bylo [The spirit of terrorism. The Gulf War did not take place]. Moscow, Ripol-Classic, 2016, 224 p. (In Russian)
Center for International Development and Conflict Management. Available at: https://cidcm. umd.edu/research/journal-conflict-resolution (accessed: 12.02.2018).
Dongsheng Xu. Meiguo xin fangwu baogao qiantiao hunhexin zhanzheng zhongdian fang Zhong- guo. Sing Tao Global Network. 03.04.2010. Available at: http://bjwljr.blog.hexun.com/51884198_d. html (accessed: 11.02.2018).
Johnson D.E. Military Capabilities for Hybrid War. Insights from the Israel Defense Forces in Lebanon and Gaza. Prepared for the United States Army. RAND Army Research Division, 2010. Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/RAND_ OP285.pdf (accessed: 13.02.2018).
Kaldor M. Novye i starye voiny. Organizovannoe nasilie v global’nuiu epokhu [New and Old Wars. Organized violence in a global era]. Moscow, Institute of Gaidar, 2015, 416 p. (In Russian)
Klauzevits K. O voine [On war]. Moscow, Rimis, 2009, 400 p. (In Russian)
Komov S. A. Informatsionnaia bor’ba v sovremennoi voine: voprosy teorii [Information warfare in modern war: theory issues]. Voennaia mysl’ [Military thought], 1996, no. 3, pp. 76–80. (In Russian) Kovachich L. Bol’shoi brat 2.0. Kak Kitai stroit tsifrovuiu diktaturu [The Big Brother 2.0. How China Builds a Digital Dictatorship]. Moskovskii tsentr Karnegi [The Carnegie Moscow Center], 18.07.2017. Available at: http://carnegie.ru/commentary/71546 (accessed: 13.11.2017). (In Russian)
Libicki M. Conquest in cyberspace. National security and information warfare. Santa Monica, RAND, 2007, 307 p.
Manoylo A.V. Gosudarstvennaia informatsionnaia politika v osobykh usloviiakh [State information policy in special conditions]. Moscow, MIPhI, 2003, 388 p. (In Russian)
Melander E. Organized Violence in the World 2015. An assessment by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Available at: https://www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/654/c_654446-l_1-k_ucdp-paper-9.pdf (accessed: 10.02.2018).
Murray W. Hybrid Warfare. Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2012, 309 p.
Myuller V. Novyi anglo-russkii, russko-angliiskii slovar’ [New English-Russian, Russian-English dictionary]. Moscow, EKSMO, 2012, 880 р. (In Russian)
Nay Dzh. Budushchee vlasti: kak strategiia umnoi sily meniaet XXI vek [The Future of Power: How the strategy of clever force changes the 21st century]. Moscow, AST, 2014, 444 p. (In Russian) Pirumov V. S., Rodionov M. A. Nekotorye aspekty informatsionnoi bor’by v voennykh konfliktakh [Some aspects of information warfare in military conflicts]. Voennaja mysl’ [Military thought], 1997,
no. 5, pp. 24–47. (In Russian)
Rastorguev S. P. Informatsionnaia voina [Information war]. Moscow, Radio and Communication,
1999, 416 p. (In Russian)
Rona T. Weapon Systems and Information War. WA, Boeing Aerospace Co., 1976, 73 p. Sanchez L., Miller J. Hybrid Warfare. Briefing to the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconven-
tional Threats and Capabilities, Committee on Armed Service, House of Representatives. United States Government Accountability Office. Homeland Security Digital Library. 10.09.2010. Available at: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=7433 (accessed: 10.02.2018).
Smith M. Airpower in Hybrid Wars: Ethical implications for the joint force commander. Journal of national security studies, 2014, pp. 106–115.
Stein G. Information warfare. AWC. The information warfare site. 1995. Spring. Available at: http://iwar.org.uk/iwar/resources/airchronicles/stein.htm (accessed: 12.10.2017).
Sun-Tszyi. Iskusstvo voiny [Art of War]. Moscow, EKSMO, 2015, 452 p. (In Russian)
Szafranski R. Neocortical warfare? The acme of skill. Athena’s camp. Preparing for conflict in the information age. Eds J.Arquilla, D.Ronfeldt. Santa Monica, RAND, 1997.
Szafranski R. Theory of Information Warfare. Preparing For 2020, USAF. Published Airpower Jour- nal, 1995. Spring. Available at: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=439843 (accessed: 10.02.2018).
The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. Ed. by S.B.Flexner. 2nd ed. New York, Random House, 1987, 2478 р.
Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. US.: Merriam Webster, 1976, 1565 p.
Wein T., Berg G. Submission of evidence by the behavioral dynamics institute. Available at: http://www.bdinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/BDI-Evidence-Submission.pdf (acces- sed: 13.01.2018).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Articles of "Political Expertise: POLITEX" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.
