Terrorism in the Middle East: Main stages of evolution
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2020.206Abstract
The article discusses the main stages of the evolution of terrorism in the Middle East from the 40s of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. It is noted that terrorism as a political technology of using violence to achieve its goals was introduced to the Middle East from Europe after World War II. Ideological origins of terrorism in the 60–70s of the 20th century are analyzed. It is emphasized that during this period left-wing ideas had great popularity all over the world and in the Middle East. On the basis of ideological proximity, there was cooperation between some Palestinian organizations and left-wing extremist groups operating in other regions of the world. It is stated that at the end of the 20th century, in connection with the decline of the influence of radical leftist ideas, Islamic terrorism became the main type of terrorism in the Middle East. A compara
tive analysis of the characteristics of the activities of such terrorist organizations as Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State is given. It is noted that with a common ideological platform, there were structural and organizational differences between them. It is pointed out that Al-Qaeda is characterized by an internal contradiction between the ultimate goal — the creation of a world caliphate and the network principle of activity. The “Islamic State” overcame this contradiction by “territorialization” in Iraq and Syria. As a “quasi-state” entity, ISIS has become vulnerable to counter-terrorism. The final part of the article discusses the main ways of countering terrorism in the Middle East in modern conditions.
Keywords:
the Middle East, terrorism, left radicalism, right radicalism, Islam, Jihad, Caliphate, Al-Qaeda, Islamic State
Downloads
References
Дершовиц А. Почему терроризм действует. М.: Российская политическая энциклопедия, 2005. 256 с.
Иванов С. Ближний Восток и суннитско-шиитские противоречия // Международная жизнь. 2015. № 12. С.86-94.
Ланцов С.А. Этнический терроризм и борьба за национальное освобождение // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Сер. 6: Международные отношения. 2008. Вып. 1. С.25-31.
Сафонов А. Враг не родился 11 сентября, он, скорее, просто встал в полный рост // Международная жизнь. 2007. № 12. С.72-81.
Соловьев Э.Г. Трансформация террористических организаций в условиях глобализации. М.: ЛЕНАНД, 2006. 56 с.
Трофимов Д. Ислам: между Аверроэсом и аль-Багдади // Международная жизнь. 2017. № 6. С.150-172.
Успенский Ю.И. Политический ислам: проигранные сражения. М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2019. 272 с.
Хантингтон С. Столкновение цивилизаций. М.: АСТ, 2005. 603 с.
Хоффман Б. Терроризм – взгляд изнутри = Inside terrorism. М.: Ультра. Культура, 2003. 264 с.
Яшлавский А. После “халифата”: какое будущее ждет ИГИЛ? // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2018. № 12. С. 55-63.
Яшлавский А. “Аль-Каида”: старое зло в новом обличье // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2017. № 7. С.27-34.
Яшлавский А. Идеология салафитского джихадизма как тоталитарный проект // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2013. № 4. С. 71–78
Andrew C., Mitrokhin V. The Mitrokhin Archive. The KGB in Europe and The West. London, 1999. 996 p.
Beverley Milton-Edwards. Islamic Politics in Palestine. London: I.B.Tauris, 1996. 256 p.
Hashim A.S. The Caliphate at War: Operational Realities and Innovations of the Islamic State. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. 392 p.
Marighella C. Minimanual of the Urban Guarrilla. 1969. Marxists Internet Archive. Marxism and Walfare. M.I.A. Library. URL: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marighella-carlos/1969/06/minimanual-urban-guerrilla/ (дата обращения: 20.04.2019).
Roy O. Euroislam: The Jihad Within? // The National Interest. 2003. Spring. P.63-74.
Andrew C., Mitrokhin V. The Mitrokhin Archive. The KGB in Europe and The West. London, 1999. 996 p.
REFERENCES (In English)
Beverley Milton-Edwards. Islamic Politics in Palestine. London, I.B.Tauris, 1996. 256 p.
Dershovic A. Why terrorism works. Moscow, Rossiiskaia politicheskaia entsiklopediia (ROSSPEN) Publ., 2005. 256 p. (In Russian)
Hantington S. The Glash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Moscow, AST Publ., 2005. 603 p. (In Russian)
Hashim A. S. The Caliphate at War: Operational Realities and Innovations of the Islamic State. New York, Oxford University Press, 2018. 392 p.
Hoffman B. Inside terrorism. Moscow, Ul'tra. Kul'tura, Publ., 2003. 264 p. (In Russian)
Ivanov S. The Middle East and Sunnite-Shiite contradictions. International Affairs, 2015, no. 12, pp. 86-94. (In Russian)
Jashlavskij A. After “The Caliphate”: What Is the Future Of Isis? World Economy and International Relations, 2018, no 12, pp. 55-63. (In Russian)
Jashlavskij A. Al-Qaeda: Old Evil in New Appearance. World Economy and International Relations, 2017, no. 7, pp. 27-34. (In Russian)
Jashlavskij A. Ideology of Salafi Jihadism as Totalitarian Project. World Economy and International Relations, 2013, no. 4, pp. 71-78. (In Russian)
Lantsov S. A. Ethinc Terrorism and Fight for National Liberation. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University, Series 6, Mezhdunarodniie otnosheniia, 2008, iss. 1, pp. 25-31. (In Russian)
Marighella C. Minimanual of the Urban Guarrilla. 1969. Marxists Internet Archive. Marxism and Walfare. M.I.A. Library. Available at http://www.marxists.org/archive/marighella-carlos/1969/06/minimanual-urban-guerrilla/ (accessed 20.04.2019).
Safonov A. The Enemy was not Born on September 11, rather, he just Stood up to His Full Height. Mezhdunarodnaia zhizn', 2007, no. 12, pp. 72-81. (In Russian)
Solov'ev Je. G. Transformation of the Terrorist Organizations in the Context of Globalization, Moscow: LENAND Publ., 2006. 56 p. (In Russian)
Trofimov D. Islam: between Averroës and al-Baghdadi. Mezhdunarodnaia zhizn', 2017, no. 6, pp. 150-172. (In Russian)
Uspenskii Yu. I. Political Islam: the Lost Battles. Moscow: Tovarishchestvo nauchnikh izdanii Publ., 2019. 272 p. (In Russian)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Articles of "Political Expertise: POLITEX" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.
